Fast Food Mania Research Paper - 1019 Words

1 Fast Food Mania What ever happened to a home cooked meal? Dinner time in a household was once special and food was prepared by people who actually cared about what they served. About a generation ago, more than half of the meals consumed were prepared at home. Today, a majority of the meals we eat are prepared by strangers who could care less about our health as long as they receive a paycheck. Our fast paced society no longer values the simple things of the past and the food that we eat today is just the tip of the iceberg. I found my mind wondering today as I researched this topic. Despite my opposition, a craving for a McDonald’s cheeseburger gripped my senses and would not let go. Fast food is like a drug and it is all†¦show more content†¦Advertisements for precooked, prepackaged foods are watched, read, and heard by millions of American’s almost every minute of the day. Few fast- food restaurants serve fresh foods straight off the grill. Most of the restaurants receive their food frozen, canned, or freeze-dried. To top it all off, exercise is an endangered species. The average American drives almost everywhere and spends very little time walking. Besides the long-term health risks of a fast-food diet, many restaurant chains receive contaminated food products from poorly ran packaging plants. To keep the prices of meat low, most slaughter houses have moved from big cities to small towns. Instead of hiring skilled workers, these packaging plants usually employ unskilled, untrained, immigrants and teenagers, who greatly increase the risk of food poisoning. Due to indecent handling and improper cattle processing, manure can and does get mixed in with the meat. Our meat is then contaminated with salmonella and Escherichia coli [E. coli]. E. coli is one of the worst types of food poisoning and can be very deadly. Americans suffer physically, emotionally, and financially from fast-food mania. A few corporations have a great deal of power and influence when it pertains to our food supply and jobs. Today, most parents cannot afford to have one parent stay at home and raise the children as in the past. Swamped with debt andShow MoreRelatedThe Social Discourse Of Bipolar Disorder1643 Words   |  7 Pagesto the patients’ family members and others within their support system. Despite these adverse statistics and factors, there are viable, efficacious therapies for both the acute manic episodes as well as the depressive phases. There are a number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications for the treatment of all phases of bipolar disorder [8]. 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Australia’s Religious Landscape Post 1945 Free Essays

â€Å"We live in a postmodern world in the sense that no single religion, system or ideology has any convincing claim to be the one voice of truth. We are yet to grasp the full reality that Australia is a pluralistic, multicultural, multi-religious society in which among people of different traditions and with indigenous people is a requirement of social cohesion. In a global world our national identities in no way preclude our responsibilities for the well-being of all humanity and the one earth we share. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia’s Religious Landscape Post 1945 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † – Dr Gerard Hall SM Dr Gerard Hall says we now live in a ‘postmodern world’ where ‘no single religion, system or ideology’ can ‘convincingly claim the one voice of truth’. Australia has been long dominated by the Christian faith with the 1911 census reporting 96% of Australians subscribing to any denomination of Christianity. This large percentage of Christians can be attributed to the White Australia policy. However, the 2011 census revealed a decrease of Christians with only 61% aligning themselves with the faith, half of the overseas-born population also reporting a Christian denomination. Non-Christians affiliations and those reporting ‘no religion’ have increased radically since the last census. The number of people reporting ‘No Religion’ increased from 15% of the population in 2001 to 22% in 2011. This is most prevalent among younger Australians with 28% of people aged 15-34 reporting they had no religious affiliation. There are over 59 religious traditions present in Australia today. Globalisation has influenced the growth of eastern religions and new age fads in Australian society. Migration has led to an increase in the number of religious adherents in non-Christian faiths such as Buddhism, Sikhism, Taoism and Hinduism. Hinduism has grown exponentially since 1911 at 189%, followed by Islam at 69%, and Buddhism at 48%. Atheism or citizens who have no revealed any religious affiliation has risen due to scientific advancement, rise of secularism, immigration and births. Along with this there is renewed interest in and awareness of Indigenous spirituality. Due to the ‘pluralistic, multicultural, multi-religious society’ of Australia, multi-faith dialogue is important for the cohesion and harmony of Australian society. Sometimes tensions between religious traditions or against a particular religion result in violence or discrimination. To illustrate this point, ignorant and prejudiced media portrayals of Muslims have encouraged anti-Islamic attitudes and stereotypes despite the peaceful religious teachings of the Koran. Dr Ameer Ali (President of Australian Federation of Islamic Councils) recognised that interfaith dialogue was essential to ‘understand each other’. Similarly, Archbishop George Pell believes that interfaith dialogue must be established to maintain currently peaceful relationships before potential hostilities have a chance to escalate. In 1964, Pope Paul VI recognised the need for interfaith communication, stating that; â€Å"We do not wish to turn a blind eye to the spiritual and moral values of the various non-Christian religions, for we desire to join with them in promoting and defending common ideals in the spheres of religious liberty, human brotherhood, education, culture, social welfare, and civic order. Dialogue is possible in all these great projects, which are our concern as much as theirs and we will not fail to offer opportunities for discussion in the event of such an offer being favourably received in genuine, mutual respect. We readily accept the principle of stressing what we all have in common rather than what divides us. This provides a good and fruitful basis for our dialogue, and we are prepared to engage upon it with a will. â€Å" Multi-faith dialogue assists in keeping peace and social unity in society, especially with organisations such as the NSW Council of Christians and Jews who recognise their common heritage in order to promote understanding and combat anti-Semitism. They organise activities that include an annual Passover demonstration directed to non-Jewish audiences, panel discussions and seminars on current subjects of interest, multi-denominational evenings for poetry and music, Holocaust education and an annual Christian commemorative service for the Holocaust held in the crypt of St Mary’s Roman Catholic Cathedral. Along with interfaith dialogue between Christians and Jews, the NSW Council of Christians and Jews also seek to broaden the interfaith relations with Islam in particular. Some past interfaith activities in Australia include the 2001 Anzac Day service at St. Mary’s Cathedral for Buddhist Monks and Christian Ministers, Centenary of Federation celebrations in Melbourne, Prayer services at Martin Place by the Muslim-Christian Council for peace in Indonesia, Prayer services for September 11, Asian Boxing Day Tsunami and Bali bombings. As Dr Gerard Hall says, in the current ‘global world, our national identities in no way preclude our responsibilities for the well-being of all humanity and the one earth we share’. This statement is illustrated by a number of international councils, one being the World Conference on Religion and Peace – an international council founded by the Buddhist Nichiko Niwano in 1970 that organises bi-annual ‘Heads of Faith Meetings’ that are attended by the leaders of the Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish and Baha’i faiths. The meetings conducted by the World Conference on Religion and Peace provide an opportunity for religious world leaders to exchange ideas and information and establish a working alliance between these religious traditions. The promotion of understanding and the education of interfaith co-operation assists in pursuing social justice issues, for example, Aboriginal reconciliation and rights. Reconciliation is the process whereby Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples move towards the future with a relationship based upon mutual recognition, understanding and respect. For this to happen there must be acknowledgement of past mistakes such as land dispossession and the stolen generation in order to make amends, such as restoring Native Title. Reconciliation is a long process which began with the 1967 referendum giving ATSI people the right to vote and the Commonwealth government the authority to make laws in the interest of ATSI people. Additionally, most churches have helped facilitate this reconciliation. The NCCA (National Council of Churches Australia) acknowledge that many of its member churches played a role in culmination of the stolen generations and issued a public statement on the ‘Bringing Them Home’ report making recommendations in support of Reconciliation. The Week of Prayer for Reconciliation began in 1993 with the goal of providing an interfaith week of prayer encompassing all faiths with the common goal of reconciliation. It is to devote time to prayer, thought and reflection on the soul of a nation and the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Attempts at reconciliation by various religious denominations have helped to bring out acceptance of the synchronization of Christian and Aboriginal religious traditions; as an example: many Aboriginal clergy incorporate Indigenous symbols and rituals from their own culture to express Christian concepts such as using Indigenous coconut milk instead of wine and damper or yam instead of bread, Christian stories are often retold with an Indigenous slant (instead of fire, they talk about fire sticks), red ochre is used instead of ashes/oil on the forehead and prayers are told in Indigenous languages. Many Christian churches incorporate Aboriginal Ministries and Aboriginal Spirituality into services, particularly Protestant churches though many people feel that incorporating Aboriginal beliefs into Christianity degrades both. Critics claim that ‘Self-determination’ is now replaced with ‘Main-Streaming’. ‘Practical Reconciliation’ is now the term used rather than a real acknowledgement of past wrongs. The Catholic Church has also made many positive overtures towards Reconciliation starting with Pope John Paul II’s visit to Alice Springs in 1986 who stated that â€Å"there is the need for just and proper settlement that lies unachieved in Australia’ Pope Benedict’s recent address to Australia encouraged ongoing assistance for Reconciliation. In 1998 the Catholic church joined with other churches to issues a statement called ‘Towards Reconciliation in Australian Society – Reconciliation and Aboriginal Australians’. They also pressured for more assistance for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders due to the ongoing psychological trauma of the Protection and Assimilation policies. National Reconciliation Week is a week of Catholic initiatives promoting reconciliation with emphasis on Aboriginal health. Other Christian churches involved in Reconciliation include the Anglican Church who expressed its support for Reconciliation during 1998. It also provides funding to National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Ecumenical Commission (NATSIEC) that assists in rebuilding Indigenous communities. Anglicare Australia and the Anglican Board of Missionaries formed the Anglican Reconciliation Working Group which provides accommodation, health care, family support for Indigenous communities and helps fund training of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The Ecumenical movement Uniting Church formed a Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress in Townsville that works with Indigenous people to promote compensation and healing for past wrongs. The Uniting Church National Assembly has also made a formal apology for its part in the harmful policies in the past and a commitment to a better future. Christian leaders and leaders from other religious faiths united in rejecting the Howard Government’s attempts to weaken the Wik legislation. Their conviction no doubt assisted in changing opinions and rallying support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights. Interfaith dialogue especially between Dreaming and Christianity illustrate the importance of multi-faith communication. There are, however, limitations of interfaith dialogue as critics believe there are important differences between faiths that cannot be overlooked. There is also controversy that religions are trying to change and distort their religious beliefs to attempt to reconcile with other religions. Despite the criticisms of interfaith dialogue it still plays an essential role in Australian society to maintain peace and social cohesion. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The Importance of Inter-faith Cooperation; available from http://www. buddhistinformation. com/importance_of_inter_faith_cooperation. htm [ 2 ]. Pope John Paul II’s public statement at Alice Springs, 1986; available from http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/orgs/car/docrec/relevant/docbook/p7. htm How to cite Australia’s Religious Landscape Post 1945, Essay examples

A Case Study of Confederation Industry

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management and Changes in Work Patter of Confederation Industry? Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with the human resource management process of The Confederation of British Industry of United Kingdom. This is an organization of business that lobbies and advises governments about interest of business. British Confederation Industry also analyses the policies and of government regarding business and related matters. This organization generally works with government of United Kingdom, several types of policy makers in order to guide the business activities (Cbi.org.uk, 2015). On the other hand Brown and Vickerstaff (2011) argued that, Confederation of British Industries can also be stated as the important as well as powerful pressure group that has immense impact upon the economical and political system of United Kingdom. Therefore, this assignment seeks to describe the changing phase of U.K labor market and the relation of employees and employers with the example of this particular non government organization of United Kingdom. Changing labor market of United Kingdom: The labor market of United Kingdom has seen great changes in the perspective and structure of the market due to the financial recession of few years back. In the year of 2014, potential size of the labor force can be estimated as 32.7mworkers among 63.7 m population. Labor market of United Kingdom consists of the supply of labor and the demand of labor through various firms. On the other hand, Be duwe and Planas (2003) discussed some factors those affect upon the demand for labor within the workforce of United Kingdom. Main factors are rates of wages, demand of various types of products, profitability of firms as well as productivity of firms, substitutes to the labors. On the other side, supply of labors can be determined by the rate of wages, size of the workforce, migration, choice of work among the workforces etc. However, Heijke (1994) discussed that, economic recession of 2008 has resulted poor structure of labor market and economy as well as business activities of United Kingdom. United Kingdom has suffered from recession for three or more years. However, recession of 2008 has impacted upon serious backdrop of this country. Opportunities of employment have been decreased by this recession. Unemployment rate of U.K has been increased at 8.4 percent by the end of 2011. On the other hand, rate of unemployment in European Union has stayed 10.7 percent within 2013 (Acas.org.uk, 2015). This recession has been resulted for the disaster within the banking sector of United Kingdom. Collapse in various activities of business, confidence and trust of consumers has also decreased by the nature of this particular recession. Various Businesses have cut back their stocking investment and the capital of working at very fast growth. Confederation of British Industry has forecasted that unemployment has to be picked by above three million. By the start of recession, output has fallen by 6.2 percent. However, rate of employment is down by fewer than 2 per cent in comparison to the past experiences. In the early 1990s, a fall of 2.5 per cent in gross domestic product led to a fall of 3.4 percent in employment. In the early 1980s, rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been declined by 4.7 per cent. On the other hand, employment has been left by 2.4 percent lower (News.cbi.org.uk, 2015). According to Ramaswamy and Prasad (1994), young generations are mostly influenced by the recession of United Kingdom. These youths are generally low skilled. Therefore, changing labor market of United Kingdom has resulted lower productivity among the labor markets. Several youth workers of U.K have been affected by this serious recession. Training and development among the young employees have been lacked due to this period. Therefore, there is lacking of skilled young labors within the labor market of United Kingdom. Therefore, Ali (2012) stated that, self employment has played a great role in order to enhance the scenario of labor market. United States have seen and insignificant growth of self employment while United Kingdom has made a significant growth in the perspective of self employment. This practice of employment has been resulted among two groups; those are UK born and Non-UK born. These recessions among labor market has also been resulted from the significant growth of various types of different employment among the people. Temporary contract agreement has been made for the workforces. On the other hand Altarawmneh et al. (2010) argued about the quantity of migration among United Kingdom. From 2004 to 2012, over a half million people has been migrated to UK. Approximately, United Kingdom has added 949,000 citizens, 647,000 citizens from non states of European Union and 141,000 citizens from previous states of European Union. People who have migrated to U.K are low skilled. Rate of unemployment among them are high level. However Andersen et al. (2013) stated that, economy of United Kingdom is availing the high growth of recovery within the economy. As the economy of this country goes the rate of unemployment are decreasing. Therefore, at the time of recession, U.K has seen substantial gap within the sector of labor productivity in compare to other advanced economies of world. Impact of changing labor market on work condition and employer-employee relation: As stated by Adeniji et al. (2013) changes of labor market has resulted different elements within the structure of employment. There are a new trend within the relationship of employees and employers. New trend of relationship has been developed day by day. There are certain changes within the profiles of business, nature and process of employee engagement etc. On the other hand, Brown and Vickerstaff (2011) stated that, at present there are several types of business profiles those are the result of changing scenario of employment. Some years ago, there were several manual jobs. However, with the advancement of technology manual jobs have been decreased by acquiring the technological ingredients. Therefore, labor market of United Kingdom has seen the less productive workers and work. However, changing relationship has focused upon the skilled workers. Therefore, extensive levels of training and development process should be present there in order to train the new people among the job sector of UK (Cipd.co.uk, 2015). Quantity of managers and professionals has been increased by 1.6 million within every group of employment. However, U.K has seen lack of productive workers during this period. Migrants and young unemployment are seriously low skilled. Especially, migrants are taken for various low skilled job as because their different cultural identity. After the recession of 1990, labor market of U.K has seen a massive structural change. This change has evolved a new type of relationship within the employer and employees. For the recession, various types of business organization have tried to minimize the loss of skilled permanent staffs through implementing various policies within the process of recruitment. Therefore, with the changes of labor market within United Kingdom, short span of working, unpaid leave, have been increased. On the other hand, Government and other related organization has also implemented some changes that various business firms should preserve similar as well as available work for the employees. Therefore, the labor market has become so flexible. Workable regulatory system has impacted upon the flexible labor market of United Kingdom. On the other hand, Dorn (1981) also argued that structural changes of labor market have contributed to the relative stability of the todays competitive sector of market. As the economy grows, various business organizations have changed their rules and policies of hour and wages of work condition of the employees. Therefore, with the impact of globalization, global labor market has been changed and the technology of communication and internet has also impacted upon the activities of business among several organizations. With the advancement of ICT (Information, communication, technology) various business organizations have acquired changes as per the requirements of the business organization. In this respect, CBI has stated that, flexibility within the labor market is a wider concept that describes the overall responds of the flexible labor market within the changing environment of the economy. However, Marin and Psacharopoulos (1982) stated that, engagement of employees is also the important factor of business. Every business organization needs to implement several policies those help to maintain effective relation within the employees and employer of a particular organization. Employees should be retained by the employer organization. Forecast of the Confederation of British Industry: In order to maintain effective relation with the employees of the organization, body of the employer as well as employer organization has to adopt practice of flexible working structure in order to improve the performance of the employees. Flexible working condition helps to improve working condition of the employees. This will also help to benefit the employees. On the other hand CBI also has forecasted to do effective performance in order to make effective remote working possible for the organization. As stated by Jena and Reilly (2013), Confederation of British Industry has surveyed within the market in order to know the business opportunities of the market. Flexible work condition helps to maintain the balance among recruitment and retention. Maintaining the balance between Work and life is the important issue within the activities of business. For this issue, often various types of business organization fail to imply the benefits of the business. Confederation of British Industry has taken the agenda to encourage the employees in order to improve the productivity among the employees as motivating factors. Confederation of British Industry has conducted survey in order to understand the job prospects and related factors of potential market of United Kingdom. According to the CBI, job opportunities among the market have been increased. The situation of economy has also changed after the recession of this region. U.K now has the flexible labor market that has been underpinned by regulatory frame work within the competitive sector of market. CBI has forecasted about the flexible working condition of the market. During the period of recession, various types of contract as helped in order to save the jobs of unemployment especially the young employees. Therefore, as per the policy of CBI, flexible contract has been helped in order to save many jobs at the time of recession. As per the guidelines of CBI, every business organization has started to understand the impact as well as importance of flexible working condition. Within the competitive sector of market, 97% business organizations have the belief in working with flexible situation. Within the prospects of business investment and creation of job, maintaining a flexible workforce is very important as well as effective and necessary element (Cbi.org.uk, 2015). Therefore, as per the findings and statements of CBI, it can be stated that, relationship among various types of employment are now characterized by choice of works of different forms and flexibility. Flexible conditions of work have been impacted also upon the relationship of employees and employers within various competitive sector of market with different activities of market. Flexible working condition helps to attract more investment and talent from international level. In this regard, statement of CBI is to design the framework of regulation to help the employees or employers. Therefore, retaining the work time is the important as well as vital element of flexibility. As per the survey of CBI, important organizations have made 48 hours as maximum working weak. This can also result for the high competition among several types of business organizations. Thus, flexible labor market can add high skilled labor force from various countries. Therefore, several business organizations can acquire skilled as well as productive labors or workforces for the international projects. However, flexible workforce refers to the situation where an international organization of United Kingdom can be able to deliver workers between different locations as per the requirements and demands of the business. Therefore, CBI also have recommended for the fast improvement of visa and immigrant elements as the number of immigrants have been increased a lot during a time of United Kingdom (Acas.org.uk, 2015). On the other hand Ali (2012) stated that, CBI has also put serious attention upon the involvement of young generation as important workforce. UK needs to focus on the training and development process of individual workers especially young generations. This will help U.K in order to make a significant activity within the competitive sector of market. U.K has to provide equal chances for all individuals for developing potential and employability skills in order to compete with competitive sector of market. CBI will take enough action to ensure the skills, behaviors, attitudes and potential of young people. CBI gets the information that several types of job opportunities will be come for attracting the young people of the society. Therefore, changes have to be made within the education and skill development system. CBI therefore states that, new approach to the schools will be the important factor in order to develop the skills. Leaders and teachers of school should be empowered logically. Therefore, from the conducted survey, CBI also has concluded that, employer of an organization also have to play an important role for improving the prospects of work within the area of young people. Attitudes towards the employees should be changed by the employers of a particular organization. Conclusion: This assignment has dealt with the issues of labor market in the changing scenario of United Kingdom after the recession. This assignment has discussed detail description of recessions of United Kingdom. Scenario of changing labor market has also been described. This assignment has discussed the effectiveness of Confederation of British Industry of United Kingdom. The changing patter of employment has also been described. Changing relation within the employees and employer has also been described in detail background information and examples. Reference lists Books Be duwe , C. and Planas, J. (2003). EDEX: educational expansion and labour market. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publicatons of the European Communities. Heijke, J. (1994). Forecasting the labour market by occupation and education. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Ramaswamy, R. and Prasad, E. (1994). Shocks and structural breaks. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European I and Western Hemisphere Departments. Journals Ali, A. (2012) The Role of Leadership in Human Resource Management Proposing Conceptual Framework of Advanced Leadership Model, Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 4(6), 979-989 Altarawmneh, I., and Al-Kilani, M. H. (2010) Human Resource Management and Turnover Intentions in the Jordanian Hotel Sector, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 18(1), 46-59 Andersen, T. J. and Minbaeva, D. (2013) The Role of Human Resource Management in Strategy Making, Human Resource Management, 52(5), 809-827 Adeniji, A. A., Osibanjo, A. O., and Abiodun, A. J. (2013) Organizational Change and Human Resource Management Interventions: An Investigation of the Nigerian Banking Industry, Serbian Journal of Management, 8(2), 139-154. Brown, P. and Vickerstaff, S. (2011). Health Subjectivities and Labor Market Participation: Pessimism and Older Workers' Attitudes and Narratives Around Retirement in the United Kingdom. Research on Aging, 33(5), pp.529-550. Dorn, N. (1981). The Politics of Dependency Problems: Labor Market Failure, Youth and Dependency Problems  in the United Kingdom. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 13(1), pp.61-69. Marin, A. and Psacharopoulos, G. (1982). The Reward for Risk in the Labor Market: Evidence from the United Kingdom and a Reconciliation with Other Studies. Journal of Political Economy, 90(4), p.827. Jena, F. and Reilly, B. (2013). The determinants of United Kingdom student visa demand from developing countries. IZA Journal of Labor Development, 2(1), p.6. Websites Acas.org.uk, (2015). Home | Acas. [online] Available at: https://www.acas.org.uk/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Cbi.org.uk, (2015). Home - CBI. [online] Available at: https://www.cbi.org.uk/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Cipd.co.uk, (2015). Championing better work and working lives CIPD. [online] Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. News.cbi.org.uk, (2015). Home - CBI. [online] Available at: https://news.cbi.org.uk/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015].

Weapons and Armour Essay Example

Weapons and Armour Essay Most civil war soldiers carried a rifled musket, which had quickly replaced the smoothbore muskets. Te old smoothbore muskets had very limited range and were not very accurate. In places where soldiers on firing lines were more than a hundred yards apart a smoothbore musket wouldnt do much damage. Mass numbers of soldiers would often charge next to each other towards the defensive line and use bayonets and their superior numbers to wipe out the enemy. However rifled muskets changed the way that soldiers fought. It was a muzzleloader and had grooves inside the barrel that guided the bullet much more accurately. A charging mass of soldiers would be caught in enemy fire half a mile away and so it was impossible for them to get to the defending enemy and kill them. But these new rifles could not be fired very fast.Before a soldier could fire his musket, he had to bite open a paper cartridge, pour powder down the musket barrel, push the bullet in with a ramrod, cock the hammer, and set th e percussion cap. New soldiers spent weeks trying to learn how to do t his quickly, but even the rifle fire from experienced soldiers was slow Heavy guns were also loaded by pouring in the powder and then the charge. Between shots the barrel was swabbed out. If a spark remained from the previous shot, the new powder being poured in would explode. This makes the guns very dangerous. Most heavy guns had smooth bores and were not very accurate, but when fired against a mass of advancing infantry they were deadly.The official uniform for the Union soldiers was blue but many regiments chose their own uniforms. The Blue and Gray has become the name for the soldiers of the civil war probably because many people thought that all Northern troops wore blue uniforms and all Southern troops wore grey. However this was not always true. A famous New York group of volunteers wore baggy red pants and short red jackets. The Iron Brigade of Michigan wore wide-brimmed black hats, with a feather curled up at the side. The United States Sharpshooters wore dark green uniforms, leather leggings, and feathers in their hats.Uniform was scarce for Southern soldiers. Before the war, the South sent almost all its cotton to Europe or the Northern states to be made into cloth. There were no factories in the south to make uniforms. Women in the south learned from their grandmothers or from their poorer neighbours how to weave homespun cloth. They made dye for the cloth from butternuts. Soon the most common colour worn by Confederate soldiers was not grey but the warm brown of butternuts.Union Tactics at the Battle of GettysburgOn June 24, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led his Confederate Army across the Potomac River and headed towards Pennsylvania. In response to this threat President Lincoln replaced his army commander, General Joseph Hooker, with General George Mead. As Lees troops poured into Pennsylvania, Mead led the Union Army north from Washington. Meades effort was inadvertently help ed by Lees cavalry commander, Jeb Stuart, who, instead of reporting Union movements to Lee, had gone off on a raid deep in the Union rear. This action left Lee blind to the Unions position. When a scout reported the Union approach, Lee ordered his scattered troops to converge west of the small village of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.On July 1, some Confederate infantry headed to Gettysburg to seize much-needed shoes and clashed west of town with Union cavalry. The Union commander, recognizing the importance of holding Gettysburg because a dozen roads converged there, fought desperately to hold off the Rebel advance. Other Union troops briefly stopped some Rebels north of town. During heavy fighting, the Confederates drove the Union troops through the streets of Gettysburg to Cemetery Hill south of the town. Lee ordered General Richard Ewell, now commander of the late Stonewall Jacksons old units, to attack this position if practicable, a vague order that Jackson normally took to mean la unch an all-out attack. Ewell was not Jackson. He decided not to attack once he saw the Union artillery atop the hill. Had he attacked and succeeded, it might have changed the course of the war.The rest of the armies arrived that first night. The Union army established a defensive position resembling a fish hook, with Culps Hill and the two Round Tops anchoring each end. Lee decided to attack both flanks the next day. On his right flank, Union troops mistakenly shifted out of position, leaving Little Round Top undefended. At the last moment, a Union general rushed troops in just ahead of the charging Confederates. After a long day of fighting, they barely held the position. The misplaced bluecoats were pushed back through The Peach Orchard, The Wheat Field, and Devils Den. On the left, Ewells assault failed due mainly to his poor leadership.Thinking the Union centre had weakened from these attacks; Lee decided the next day to hit it first with artillery, and then an infantry charge led by George Picketts division. Stuarts late-arriving cavalry was to come in behind the Union centre at the same time, but they were held off by Union cavalry led by a young General George Custer. After an hours duel, Union artillery deceived the Confederates into thinking their guns were knocked out. Then 13,000 Rebels marched across the field in front of Cemetery Hill, only to have the Union artillery open up on them, followed by deadly Federal infantry firepower. Scarcely half made it back to their own lines. In all, Lee lost more than a third of his men before retreating to Virginia. Meade, a naturally cautious man, decided the loss of one-quarter of his men had been enough, and only feebly tried to pursue Lee, missing an opportunity to crush him.Brief BiographiesAbraham Lincoln: The 16th president of the United States was a self-taught man of humble origin. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in a cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky. His parents, Nancy Hanks and Thomas Lincoln, were pioneers, and the family moved several times during Lincolns boyhood. When Lincoln was eight years old, the family moved to Spencer County, Indiana. His mother died shortly thereafter, and the next year proved to be very difficult for Lincoln.Fortunately, Lincolns father married Sarah Bush Johnston the following year. She was an affectionate, energetic woman, who grew quite fond of Lincoln. She encouraged his desire to read, although she was virtually illiterate. Lincoln received very little formal education. His total schooling amounted to about one year.In 1830, the Lincoln family moved again and settled in Illinois. Since Lincoln was 21 years old and had no desire to become a farmer, he set out on his own. After working for a time as a flatboat man, shipping cargo to New Orleans, Lincoln settled in New Salem, Illinois. He worked various jobs as a rail splitter, postmaster, surveyor, and storekeeper. In 1832, Lincoln enlisted as a volunteer in the Black Hawk War and was elected captain of his company.Lincoln considered pursuing several professions, including shopkeeping and blacksmithing, but finally decided to study law and pursue political office. Lincoln educated himself in the law, as he had done previously with mathematics and grammar, and in 1836 he passed the bar examination. Two years earlier, Lincoln had been elected on the Whig ticket to serve a total of 4 terms in the Illinois State Legislature, from 1834 to 1841. In 1836, Lincoln entered into a law partnership with John T. Stuart and settled in Springfield, Illinois. He later practiced with Stephen T. Logan, then William Herndon. Lincolns practice was quite successful, and he was considered one of the most distinguished lawyers in the state. He was described as fair and completely honest.While living in Springfield, Lincoln became acquainted with Mary Todd. Her family was considered part of the social aristocracy, and her father was a prominent banker. Although Lincoln broke off the engagement once, the two were finally married on November 4, 1842. Todd had a difficult disposition; nevertheless the couple had a fairly successful marriage and enjoyed each others company. They had four children, but their son, Robert Todd, was the only child to reach adulthood.Lincoln served one term in Congress from 1847 to 1849, but his criticism of the Mexican War proved unpopular with his districts voters. He was not re-elected and was further disappointed when he was not named commissioner of the general land office by Zachary Taylor, as expected. Lincoln withdrew from politics for approximately five years and returned to his legal profession in Springfield.However, in 1854, Lincoln became alarmed when Stephen A. Douglas, a former political rival, introduced a bill to reopen the entire Louisiana Purchase to slavery. Lincoln was vehemently opposed to this bill. Although Lincoln was neither an abolitionist, or in favour of slavery, he did not believe slavery should be permitt ed in the new territories. In 1858, Lincoln became a senatorial candidate for the newly founded Republican party. Although he was defeated, the public debates between Lincoln and Douglas increased his public recognition. During one of these debates, Lincoln declared the famous words, A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe the government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.In 1860, Lincoln was nominated by the Republican Party for the presidency. He was elected on November 6 and took the oath of office on March 4, 1861. The country faced many problems before Lincoln took office. South Carolina had withdrawn from the Union and other states soon followed. The majority of Lincolns presidency focused on the war of secession, and throughout it all, Lincoln vowed to preserve the Union.One of Lincolns greatest difficulties was finding capable generals. He experimented with various personnel, including George B. McClellan, John Pope, Ambrose E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George Gordon Meade. In 1864, Lincoln found him in Ulysses S. Grant and entrusted command of all the Federal armies to him.On January 1, 1863, Lincoln delivered the final version of the famous Emancipation Proclamation, and with it, added the idea of freedom for all men to the battle cry of the war. The proclamation ultimately led to the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 over the Democratic opponent, General McClellan, and by the spring of 1865, the Union had won the war. Several days after the Union victory, Lincoln attended a play at Fords Theatre in Washington DC. As he sat in the theatre, Lincoln was shot by assassin John Wilkes Booth. Abraham Lincoln died in the early morning hours of April 15, 1865.Robert E Lee: (1807-1870), brilliant Confederate general, whose military genius was probably the greatest single factor in keeping the Confederacy alive through the four years of the American Civil War.Lee was born o n January 19, 1807, in Stratford, Virginia, the son of Henry Lee, and was educated at the United States Military Academy. He graduated second in his class in 1829, receiving a commission as second lieutenant in the engineers. He became first lieutenant in 1836, and captain in 1838. He distinguished himself in the battles of the Mexican-American War and was wounded in the storming of Chapultepec in 1847; for his meritorious service he received his third brevet promotion in rank. He became superintendent of the US Military Academy and was later appointed colonel of cavalry. He was in command of the Department of Texas in 1860, and, early the following year was summoned to Washington, D.C., when war between the states seemed imminent. President Abraham Lincoln offered him the field command of the Union forces, but Lee declined.On April 20, three days after Virginia seceded from the Union, he submitted his resignation from the US Army. On April 23 he became commander in chief of the mil itary and naval forces of Virginia. For a year he was military adviser to Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States of America, and was then placed in command of the army in northern Virginia. In 1864 his pre-war home, Arlington House, had been confiscated by the Union army and, in a symbolic reproach to Lee, its grounds had been made into a cemetery for the Union dead (now the Arlington National Cemetery). In February 1865 Lee was made commander in chief of all Confederate armies; two months later the war was effectively ended by his surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. His great battles included those of Antietam, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg.The masterly strategy of Lee was overcome by the superior resources and troop strength of the Union. His campaigns are almost universally studied in military schools as models of strategy and tactics. He had a capacity for anticipating the actions of his opponents and for comprehendin g their weaknesses. He made skilful use of interior lines of communication and kept a convex front towards the enemy, so that his reinforcements, transfers, and supplies could reach their destination over short, direct routes. His greatest contribution to military practice, however, was his use of field fortifications as aids to manoeuvring. He recognized that a small body of soldiers, protected by entrenchments, can hold an enemy force of many times their number, while the main body outflanks the enemy or attacks a smaller force elsewhere. In his application of this principle Lee was years ahead of his time; the tactic was not fully understood or generally adopted until the 20th century.Lee applied for but was never granted the official post-war amnesty. He accepted the presidency of Washington College, now Washington and Lee University, in the autumn of 1865; within a few years it had become an outstanding institution. He died there on October 12, 1870. In 1975 Lees citizenship wa s restored posthumously by an act of the US Congress.The Life of a HistorianMathew Brady arrived in New York City at the age of sixteen. Soon after taking a job as a department store clerk, he started his own small business manufacturing jewellery cases. In his spare time, Brady studied photography under a number of teachers, including Samuel F. B. Morse, the man who had recently introduced photography to America. Brady quickly discovered a natural gift. By 1844, he had his own photography studio in New York.Brady soon acquired a reputation as one of Americas greatest photographers producer of portraits of the famous. In 1856, he opened a studio in Washington, D.C., the better to photograph the nations leaders and foreign dignitaries. As he himself said, From the first, I regarded myself as under obligation to my country to preserve the faces of its historic men and mothers. He became one of the first photographers to use photography to chronicle national history.At the peak of his success as a portrait photographer, Brady turned his attention to the Civil War. Planning to document the war on a grand scale, he organized a corps of photographers to follow the troops in the field. Friends tried to discourage him, citing battlefield dangers and financial risks, but Brady persisted. He later said, I had to go. A spirit in my feet said Go, and I went.Mathew Brady did not actually shoot many of the Civil War photographs attributed to him. More of a project manager, he spent most of his time supervising his corps of traveling photographers, preserving their negatives and buying others from private photographers freshly returned from the battlefield, so that his collection would be as comprehensive as possible. When photographs from his collection were published, whether printed by Brady or adapted as engravings in publications, they were credited Photograph by Brady, although they were actually the work of many people.In 1862, Brady shocked America by displaying his photographs of battlefield corpses from Antietam, posting a sign on the door of his New York gallery that read, The Dead of Antietam. This exhibition marked the first time most people witnessed the carnage of war. The New York Times said that Brady had brought home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war.After the Civil War, Brady found that war-weary Americans were no longer interested in purchasing photographs of the recent bloody conflict. Having risked his fortune on his Civil War enterprise, Brady lost the gamble and fell into bankruptcy. His negatives were neglected until 1875, when Congress purchased the entire archive for $25,000. Bradys debts swallowed the entire sum. He died in 1896, penniless and unappreciated. In his final years, Brady said, No one will ever know what I went through to secure those negatives. The world can never appreciate it. It changed the whole course of my life.Despite his financial failure, Mathew Brady had a great and lasting effect on t he art of photography. His war scenes demonstrated that photographs could be more than posed portraits, and his efforts represent the first instance of the comprehensive photo-documentation of a war.Why was the Union Army victorious over the Confederates?It was foreseeable that the union would be triumphant over the confederates. In 1850 there were 22 states that made up the union, which had a joint population of 22 million. The 11 states that made up the Southern states had only a combined population of 9 million including 4 million black slaves. Most of the factories that were capable of producing war materials and weapons were located in the North. The south only had one mill for making gunpowder. The North had vast numbers of railroads and a merchant marine. They could maintain worldwide commerce. The South had many farms but they could not export their products because they had few ships and their main ports were usually closed during the war.During the war the South had mostly the superior field commanders. Although Robert E Lee was superior to every Northern general except Grant, he was defeated when Grant used overwhelming numbers and determination to crush his forces. In the west, no general in the South was a much for the generals of the North, who were Grant, Sherman, and Thomas. In the naval part of the civil war the Union navy was unmatched.In the long term, the superior numbers and equipment of the North ultimately determined the outcome of the American Civil War. The Southern armies kept the Northern armies at bay until the Battle of Gettysburg in 1865, which was the turning point of the war. Lincolns support of democracy also had an affect on the outcome on the war. The emancipation Proclamation had prevented any foreign country to help the South. In the North the majority of the people wanted the restoration of the American Union.

How to Decline an Offer of Admission to Graduate School

How to Decline an Offer of Admission to Graduate School If you were accepted to a school that you no longer wish to attend, youll have to consider writing a graduate school rejection letter. Perhaps it was not your first choice, or you found a better fit. Theres nothing wrong in declining the offer- it happens all the time. Just make sure to take action and be prompt in your response. Tips on Declining a Grad School Offer Here are a few things to keep in mind: Respond soon: Once you know the school is out, do not delay. Once you give up your spot, it may open up for someone else who really wants to attend that college or university. Plus, it looks bad not to respond at all- especially because the admissions committee devoted their time to evaluating your credentials.Keep it short:  You dont owe the university or college an explanation; just politely and briefly decline the offer (see the template below for wording ideas).Thank them: You may want to thank the admissions committee for their time. You never know when you may encounter one of the members during your career, so keep it nice.Dont disclose more than you need to:  You are not responsible for telling the school which college or university you will be attending. They may ask, but likely not.  Check it off:  You may not need to write a letter at all- some universities and colleges let you check a box declining their offer or do it with a few clicks online. Thanks, But No Thanks After you are done carefully considering all of your options and youre ready to decline the offer, how exactly do you word it? Responding with a short grad school rejection letter will do. This can be an email or a printed letter. Try something along the lines of the following. Dear Dr. Smith (or Admissions Committee): I am writing in response to your offer of admission to the Clinical Psychology program at Graduate University. I appreciate your interest in me, but I regret to inform you that I will not be accepting your offer of admission. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Rebecca R. Student Remember to be polite. Academia is a very small world. You likely will encounter faculty and students from that program sometime during your career. If your message declining the offer of admission is rude, you may be remembered for the wrong reasons.

How to Make Tris Buffer Solution for Medical or Lab Use

How to Make Tris Buffer Solution for Medical or Lab Use Buffer solutions are water-based liquids that include both a weak acid and its conjugate base. Because of their chemistry, buffer solutions can keep pH (acidity) at a nearly-constant level even when chemical changes are taking place. Buffer systems occur in nature, but they are also extremely useful in chemistry. Uses for Buffer Solutions In organic systems, natural buffer solutions keep pH at a consistent level, making it possible for biochemical reactions to occur without harming the  organism. When biologists study biological processes, they must maintain the same consistent pH; to do so they used prepared buffer solutions. Buffer solutions were first described  in 1966; many of the same buffers are used today.  Ã‚   To be useful, biological buffers must meet several criteria. Specifically, they should be water soluble but not soluble in organic solvents. They should not be able to pass through cell membranes. In addition, they must be non-toxic, inert, and stable throughout any experiments for which they are used. Buffer solutions occur naturally in blood plasma, which is why blood maintains a consistent pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Buffer solutions are also used in: fermentation processesdying fabricschemical analysiscalibration of pH metersDNA extraction What Is Tris Buffer Solution? Tris is short for  tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, a chemical compound which is often used in saline because it is isotonic and non-toxic. Because it has a Tris has a pKa of 8.1 and a pH level between 7 and 9, Tris buffer solutions are also commonly used in a range of chemical analyses and procedures including DNA extraction. It is important to know that pH in tris buffer solution does change with the temperature of the solution. Emeldir  / Wikimedia Commons /  CC0 1.0 How to Prepare Tris Buffer It is easy to find commercially available tris buffer solution, but it is possible to make it yourself with the appropriate equipment. Materials: Calculate the amount of each item you need based on the molar concentration of the solution you want and the quantity of buffer you need. tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane  distilled deionized waterHCl Procedure: Start by  determining what concentration (molarity) and volume of Tris buffer you want to make. For example, Tris  buffer solution  used  for  saline  varies from 10 to 100 mM.  Once you have decided what you are making, calculate the number of moles of Tris that are required by multiplying the molar concentration of buffer by the volume of the buffer that is being made.  (moles of Tris mol/L x L)Next, determine how many grams of Tris this is by multiplying the number of moles by the molecular weight of Tris (121.14 g/mol).  Ã‚  grams of Tris (moles) x (121.14 g/mol)Dissolve the Tris into the distilled deionized water, 1/3 to 1/2 of your desired final volume.Mix in HCl (e.g., 1M HCl) until the pH meter gives you the desired pH for your Tris buffer solution.Dilute the buffer with water to reach the desired final volume of solution. Once the solution has been prepared, it can be stored for months in a sterile location at room temperature. Tris buffer solutions long shelf life is possible because the solution does not contain any proteins.

Advertisement appeals as put forth by fowles Essay

Advertisement appeals as put forth by fowles - Essay Example The consumers develop resistance to the adverts of which the advertisement agencies try to use different appeals to reach out to the consumers. The level of penetration depends on the willingness of the consumer to listen or watch the advertisement appeals. Advertisement Appeals as Put Forth By Fowles According to Fowles (2) the advertisers make efforts to thwart the rational, guarded, doubtful clout acquired by the consumers when choosing the brands to buy. Most consumers develop a certain clout around their thinking which the advertisers try as much as possible to avoid. In doing so, the advertisers make effort to appeal to the consumers to prevent reacting without thinking but to pay attention to the fundamental ideas or information being passed through the adverts. This helps the advertisers to realize their main objectives in the advertisement campaigns. There is the utilization of the subliminal plea. This refers to the remarks which are directed to the conditions as well as th inking amongst the merchandisers. It is noted that most buyers and consumers are normally resistant to adverts or develop some form of opposition to the adverts. According to various studies most Americans are exposed to different forms of adverts which come in different media such as the televisions, radio, newspaper, billboards, and direct mails among other media. The consumers try their best to develop a filter in regard to which adverts to listen to or read or watch and which ones to ignore. The advertisers make efforts to be tactical in order to get access to the subconscious mind. Moreover, the advertisers make use of the personality appeal and the need to nurture. This is because there is a presumption that the character of consumers is unique. It also presumes that human beings have different range of unmet urges or desires which must be fulfilled through the advertisements aired over the media. There are appeals such as tenderness, ambitions, lust and susceptibility hence t hey seek resolution. By use of the personality appeal, these mental appeals must be met in order to be receptive to the advertisements being aired over the media. Nevertheless, it always difficult to penetrate through these unfulfilled desires of which other types of appeals must be used to supplement this form of appeal to the consumers. In addition, advertisers make efforts to appeal to the consumers by use of the exceptionally selected pictures of images. This is meant to trigger the shell of consciousness the consumers have developed. The images may be that of celebrities identified by the consumers, female models or very nice looking children. Some make use of the text while the majority makes use of the artwork. It is in the assumption that visual adverts are best appropriate for more primeval parts of the brain system. The consumers can easily be hooked when this form of appeal is combined with impression of satisfaction for stated intention. However, most adverts are always prejudged by the consumers with the type of content in the sense that majority tend to give the impression that if the consumers lack something, they have a solution or substitute for fulfilling their desires. Another form of appeal for most adverts that are aired over the media is the intense running force in the thoughts of the consumers. In line with this form of appeal is the creation of near permanent attachment to the products or services being merchandized. The identity of products, their producer, forms of packaging and the aims that are attached to its usage. The consumers have to be made aware of the most trivial details

Article Summary and Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Summary and Critique - Essay Example Authors present an institutional support model based on their experiences with the HBLI program. It refers the key areas that need development. The model covers the financial, moral, mentorship and technical support issues. Most of the Mexican American students are from lower middle class families. Hence, they need substantial financial support to complete their doctoral degrees. Moral support and cultural bonding can be enhanced by organizing various social activities among the students. Presence of Mexican American staff will allow them to connect and relate with the faculty. Guidance by the Mexican American faculty, acting as their mentors, will also be very encouraging and helpful. Lack of proper technical support is another factor that should be taken care of. All these factors were taken into account by HBLI in their programs and resulted in significant progress. The authors conclude that cooperation of the staff of the universities and their faith in the abilities of Mexican A merican students can boost up the number of doctoral degree holders. The authors are Mexican American doctorate degree holders themselves. They were part of the HBLI Doctoral Fellowship Program.

Case Management Essay Example for Free

Case Management Essay Workflow, Business Process Management and the management of Unstructured Documents Plethora of unstructured documents such as text documents, spreadsheets, images, XML components, videos, podcasts, email messages that exists around in a large enterprise and it represents the enterprise’s information assets. The problem is that in today’s competitive environment there is an ever increasing generation and use of unstructured electronic documents. It has become highly imperative that there has to be an enterprise wide lifecycle management of these documents which can enable the workers to access the documents in a relative business context. Many product companies and experts dealing in the area of content management and business process management have proposed that a semantic relation is to be derived between documents and business domain. Thus, the semantic network that eventually gets formed will result in efficient search and filtering of these unstructured documents. Types of data: Structured and unstructured data People use and create unstructured data on daily basis. Although they may not be aware, people create, store, retrieve unstructured data in the form of emails, word documents, excel spreadsheets and other forms. The unstructured content has no data type as such so it requires human intervention to tag the data with some relevant keywords and meta tags so that it can be read by machines and applications. Structured data is also being used by people and such data is easily managed by technology being allowed for querying and reporting as the data type is predetermined and relationships are explicit. There are two categories of unstructured data: 1) Bitmap Objects: Images, videos, audio and other non-language based files 2) Textual Objects: Word documents, Spreadsheets, Emails and other written or printed language documents Most of these object types can’t be tapped easily to extract relevant information by technology or methodology as technology today can only address textual objects. With the advent of technologies like Enterprise Content Management (ECM), it has become possible to address unstructured data. Data mining and other analysis tools exist to query and analyze structured data. However, the challenge remains in bringing both the worlds of structured and unstructured data together. Once when they are brought together is when the most value can be derived and gained but this is where the highest level of challenge exists. Few challenges are listed below: 1) Irrespective of having the data in a word document format it may not be consumable from a semantic level perspective 2) A compatible technology may not be able to give insight in to the context of the information unless it is read 3) The way we interpret is largely subjective Organizational Challenges Today the organizations are inherently complex in structure and the departments are loosely connected while they work in isolation. They only come together when there is a need which leads to an internally disconnected approach. These large organizations need to be responsive to the customer and market needs. In order to be responsive they need to be agile and flexible when it comes to leveraging their matrix management structure as a whole. This can pose some long term as well as short term challenges. The path to overcome these challenges is to have follow business process which entail the entire organizations. In most organizations, wherever the business processes exist they tend to be isolated to a specific department and are usually manual. This leads to manifestation of various management and operational challenges. Some of the consequences that come up due to these challenges are listed below: 1) Due to inaccurate and untimely information generated as a result of isolated units of an organization, it becomes difficult for management and employees to take correct decisions 2) As information may not be aligned to business context or a business process it may lead to inconsistent decisions 3) Broken or incomplete workflows lead to generation of inconsistent and poor information 4) IT systems may act as inhibitors even if they support business processes when they lack system integration that would hide a single view of the information 5) Strict business rules, policies and procedures can lead to delay in fetching important information Organization and business process alignment These hurdles and challenges which the organization faces are due to factors such as inflexible procedures, legacy infrastructure, orthodox management which include: 1) Manual approach even when business processes and frameworks exist 2) IT enablers found in departments and functional silos making information sharing and gathering labour intensive and tedious 3) IT and other infrastructure is maintained centrally which may not provide quick solutions and service to meet the requirement of internal users 4) As organization is dependent on vendors or contractors for maintenance, support and development of IT and other infrastructure it raises issues of managing changes by themselves. Organizations need to orient themselves around process rather than functionally. They have the necessary infrastructure and technology in place but the challenge is to align all of it together using business processes. Aligning the organization to business processes and automating the same will help in solving decision making bottlenecks and will integrate functions, departments, core systems to deliver measurable business value. As of now most of the organizations, have IT infrastructure which comprise of applications that address each department separately. These departments may have business processes that cater to the purpose of the department specific function but this may lead to creation of unstructured and structured data in isolation from other departments defeating the purpose of one goal of the organization. Due to lack of integration between department’s applications and business processes it leads to creation of islands of redundant information for each department. Knowing that there is duplicate information across various applications residing in various departments there will be multiple points of integration which makes it even more complicated. There is a requirement of point to point integration to resolve this. This increases business risk, delivery costs and it becomes even more important to retain existing talent who can handle the data and information well. IT challenge On drilling down, the problem of not being able to use unstructured data along with structured data semantically whilst the data is specific to each department’s function and not business process of the organization is a challenge for the IT support department of organizations. Integration of silo applications and automated business processes across departments with respect to the overall business context pose many intricacies which makes it is a very challenging and a costly exercise for the IT function. Few of the reasons are listed below: 1) Laborious task to integrate a variety of business processes and applications 2) Changes in particular to each function may become difficult to replicate across the organization each time 3) Data across functions can’t be normalized due to existence of data in multiple format 4) Data inconsistencies due to unavailability of an information master leads to dependency on data stored on spreadsheets These kind of challenges have typically no end so a comprehensive solution has to be worked out which is robust and serves the goal of the organization by delivering value flawlessly. Workflow Model, Business Process Management (BPM) and Enterprise Content Management (ECM) It is Workflow Automation and a Business Process Management System that will solve the business and technical problems that have been described in this paper so far. A workflow model is automation or a semi-automation of business processes. On the other hand Business Process Management is a method for managing the workflow model while continuously evaluating its performance and closing the feedback loop. Business processes form the nervous system of an organization or an enterprise. Business Process Management (BPM) is a discipline that empowers an organization to analyze, automate, re-design, streamline, monitor and improve business process while providing end to end visibility and control from technology to people. An organization has numerous business processes which take place every now and then. They may be simple or complex and may rely on unstructured data. For e. g. Banks have a business process to process the fresh loans application, local retailer has a business process to order new inventory and more. Business processes are the means which enable people, system and information to work simultaneously in order to meet organizations’ goals. However, it is not as easy as it sounds. Consider an example where in an insurance company the claim officials need digital photos to process a claim, customer representative need customer records and statements, accounts personnel need invoice approvals to disburse the required amount. To address such multi dimensional situation companies are resorting to capabilities of Enterprise Content Management (ECM) which is Business Process Management (BPM) to integrate, optimize, and automate processes and information. This solution enables organizations to make timely and accurate decisions. Together BPM and ECM businesses are able to deal with explosion of business related content which in turn helps them in becoming nimble and agile. Primarily, there are three changes that drive the need for businesses to become nimble and agile. They are: 1) Creation of islands of business relevant content internal and external to the organization 2) High maintenance cost of information created and stored by disparate sources 3) Incremental strain on IT to meet core business requirements while driving process innovation In response to these needs ECM and BPM enable organizations with the following: 1) Empower all employees to develop process centric solution 2) Quickly synchronize information from disparate internal as well external data sources 3) Couple processes and content to meet business requirements Businesses today need to use the content that is available across the business processes rather than letting it remain restricted under applications specific to a department or a function. Holistically, the content needs to be put to use for a greater benefit and a better ROI. Management of Unstructured Documents ECM has become one of the major software category post consolidation of various solutions like Document Management, Document Imaging, Web Content Management, Digital Asset Management while collaborating with BPM. It shouldn’t be treated as only a software category but can be primarily looked at as a strategy to manage all unstructured information – images, web content, media assets and records. Secondly, its job is to ensure that the content is put to use by the business users as per the business processes. The ECM solutions available today are built to support today’s dynamic requirements of the organization. They are scalable and high on performance when it comes to handling islands of new content and information with respect to complex business processes. Their design is such that they can integrate any kind of unstructured information with business processes and provide features such as process modelling, analytic capabilities, simulation and activity monitoring. They are also capable to handle process exceptions and can respond to demands for content from associates or customers. It is deduced that ECM as a technology and as a strategy enable information management professionals to manage the unstructured information in the organization to reduce risk, improve productivity in order to bring customer delight. Market Overview Organizations are increasingly adopting ECM to manage the increasing volume and growing diversity of unstructured content which now represents around 80% of the information residing in the enterprise. The opportunity identified is to devote similar rigor to unstructured data as being given to structured data. The market for ECM registered a double digit growth between the year 2004 to 2007 but it slowed down to single digit in 2008 primarily due to recessionary conditions. As per data gathered by Gartner, around $3. 3bn was collected as license and maintenance revenue for ECM. The ECM market has forecasted compounded annual growth rate of 9. 5% through till 2013. It is expected that the revenue generated from ECM markets worldwide would exceed $5. 1bn by 2013. The ECM market has seen major consolidation between the periods of 2003 to 2007. Large players such as IBM, Oracle, EMC have been acquiring companies to capitalize in this space. For example, EMC went on spree acquiring Legato, Document, Captiva and Document Sciences. Autonomy acquired Interwoven and Open Text purchased Vignette to become the largest independent vendors in this space competing directly with Microsoft’s Sharepoint. Market Drivers In spite of the recession which forced businesses to refrain from technology spending, the ECM market remained insulated from it for the following reasons: 1) Increase in volume and complexity of content is the reason for concern and investments in ECM henceforth 2) Pricing pressure from open-source vendors stimulating higher demand 3) It targets the overall ROI of the organization As there is a need to manage risks that come along with tonnes of paper and vast variety of digital content, a focus has been brought on governance and content rationalization. Vendors are addressing this by providing different stakeholders or customers with products that serve their purpose while keeping in mind the overall business processes of the organization. Recognizing this focus area many enterprises have become conscious about the lifecycle, access management, availability and cost of the content. There has been a slowdown in the ECM market due to the recessionary climate as it made the decision makers cautious about investments. In a research conducted by Gartner it was noticed that during this period companies have started looking for a thorough business case and ROI justifications for any kind of technology expenditure. However this could also turn out to be positive for the ECM market as these are the times when the organizations will realize the benefits of ECM solutions and frameworks. Conclusion Business Process Management and Workflow are not about moving documents across departments. It is about aligning businesses to their core processes and they provide the catalyst to exploit knowledge base to provide improved customer service. Thus, help in delivering measurable bottom line benefits in variety of business cases. List of References Toby Bell, Karen M. Shegda, Mark R. Gilbert, Kenneth Chin, Mick MacComascaigh. ( October, 2009), Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Content Management http://www. gartner. com/technology/media-products/reprints/microsoft/vol10/article3/article3.html, Gartner Hakan Akbas (August 2009), Consolidation in the Enterprise Content Management Industry Who Will Be Next Autonomy or Open Text? http://www. cmswire. com/cms/enterprise-cms/consolidation-in-the-enterprise-content-management-industry-who-will-be-next-autonomy-or-open-text-part-i-005174. php, Cmswire Icon Resources and technologies ( 2007), Document/Business Process Management http://www. iconresources. com/new/irt_bps. html Hinnerk Brugmann, ConSense: Management of unstructured Documents using semantic Meta-Information http://www.wi2. uni-erlangen. de/index. php? id=consense PNMSOFT, Sequence and Sharepoint, http://www. pnmsoft. com/sharepoint_workflow_integration. aspx PNMSOFT, SEQUENCE BPM workflow software platform, http://www. pnmsoft. com/sequence_bpm_workflow. aspx Rivet Logic Corporation (October 2008), Enterprise Content Management 2. 0: The Case for an Open Source Approach http://viewer. bitpipe. com/viewer/viewDocument. do? accessId=12186060, Bitpipe Research Kyle McNabb (March 2008), Enterprise Content Management http://www. forrester.com/rb/Research/topic_overview_enterprise_content_management/q/id/40327/t/2, Forrester Research Ann All (March 2010), Case Management Is Step Forward in BPM Evolution , http://www. itbusinessedge. com/cm/community/features/interviews/blog/case-management-is-step-forward-in-bpm-evolution/? cs=39882page=2 Strategy Partners (2003), Business Process Management and Workflow, http://www. aiim. org. uk/download_files/aiimuserguides/5_BPM_and_Workflow. pdf, AIIM International – ECM Association Barclay T. Blair (October 2004), An Enterprise Content Management Primer, The Information Management Journal

Essay --

In a Peloponnesian town of Phlius, Echecrates encounters Phaedo, one of the men present during Socrates' final hours. Echecrates presses Phaedo to tell what happened. A number of Socrates' friends were gathered in his cell, including his old friend Crito and two Pythagorean philosophers, Simmias and Cebes. The account begins with Socrates proposing that though suicide is wrong, a true philosopher should look forward to death. The soul, Socrates asserts, is immortal and the philosopher spends his life training it to detach itself from the needs of the body. In Phaedo by Plato, Socrates provides four arguments for this claim: the opposites, recollection, affinity between the forms and the soul, and the argument that essentially brings life with it can never die. Plato uses the from opposites to support his idea uses the first argument for the immortality of the soul. Socrates repondes with two general statements,list statements then applies these hypotheses to life, death, and the soul. Socrates’ first general statement is that change is between contraries. The hard becomes soft and objects which are soft hardens or becomes hard. The cold becomes hot and the hot becomes cold. The sick become healthy and the healthy become sick. All things, come to be from their opposite; for example, a tall man becomes tall only because he was short before. Similarly, death is the opposite of life, and so living things come to be out of dead things and vice versa. This implies that there is a cycle of life and death. Thus, when we die, we do not stay dead, but come back to life after a period of time. The second general statement is that if both contraries continue to exist. In the world, there must be change in both directions. Therefore, if ther... ...e soul participates in the Form of Life. Like fire, the soul will have to resist its opposite, the Form of Death, to exist. Furthermore, for a soul to exist, it has the ontological necessity of being undying immortal just as the number 3 to be considered odd has the ontological necessity of being uneven. Therefore, while the soul is contained inside the body and the body is subject to death, the soul eschews death in order to exist from one life to the next. In conclusion, In Phaedo, Plato is using Socrates to put his own philosophical views. Socrates relies on four arguments to convince his friends of the soul's immortality. Also, Plato demonstrates that how Socrates uses human reason. Socrates uses Plato's theory of Forms is pivotal in Socrates' final attempt to prove the immortality of the soul. By using four arguments for to prove the immorality of the soul. Essay -- In a Peloponnesian town of Phlius, Echecrates encounters Phaedo, one of the men present during Socrates' final hours. Echecrates presses Phaedo to tell what happened. A number of Socrates' friends were gathered in his cell, including his old friend Crito and two Pythagorean philosophers, Simmias and Cebes. The account begins with Socrates proposing that though suicide is wrong, a true philosopher should look forward to death. The soul, Socrates asserts, is immortal and the philosopher spends his life training it to detach itself from the needs of the body. In Phaedo by Plato, Socrates provides four arguments for this claim: the opposites, recollection, affinity between the forms and the soul, and the argument that essentially brings life with it can never die. Plato uses the from opposites to support his idea uses the first argument for the immortality of the soul. Socrates repondes with two general statements,list statements then applies these hypotheses to life, death, and the soul. Socrates’ first general statement is that change is between contraries. The hard becomes soft and objects which are soft hardens or becomes hard. The cold becomes hot and the hot becomes cold. The sick become healthy and the healthy become sick. All things, come to be from their opposite; for example, a tall man becomes tall only because he was short before. Similarly, death is the opposite of life, and so living things come to be out of dead things and vice versa. This implies that there is a cycle of life and death. Thus, when we die, we do not stay dead, but come back to life after a period of time. The second general statement is that if both contraries continue to exist. In the world, there must be change in both directions. Therefore, if ther... ...e soul participates in the Form of Life. Like fire, the soul will have to resist its opposite, the Form of Death, to exist. Furthermore, for a soul to exist, it has the ontological necessity of being undying immortal just as the number 3 to be considered odd has the ontological necessity of being uneven. Therefore, while the soul is contained inside the body and the body is subject to death, the soul eschews death in order to exist from one life to the next. In conclusion, In Phaedo, Plato is using Socrates to put his own philosophical views. Socrates relies on four arguments to convince his friends of the soul's immortality. Also, Plato demonstrates that how Socrates uses human reason. Socrates uses Plato's theory of Forms is pivotal in Socrates' final attempt to prove the immortality of the soul. By using four arguments for to prove the immorality of the soul.

Cory Ng Edsa Reaction

TITLE: Twilight Saga; Breaking Dawn AUTHOR: Stephenie Meyer DATE BOOK WAS PUBLISHED: August 2, 2008 GENRE: Fantasy, Action and Romance I. SUMMARY MAIN CHARACTERS (a few words about them) Isabella Swan – Isabella, who prefers to be called Bella, is a 17-year-old girl. She leaves Phoenix, Arizona to live with her father in Forks, Washington so her mother can travel with her new husband. She meets Edward Cullen in Forks High School and is immediately attracted to him. She later confesses to Edward what she has learned about him, which he admits to; they venture into their forbidden love, with Edward fighting against his thirst for Bella's blood.Bella has a kind and awkward personality that is more mature than most girls her age. She is highly intelligent and observant, noticing and then formulating theories about the Cullens' strange behaviors, physical features, and unusual abilities. At the novel's beginning, Bella finds, â€Å"the hardest part is making a decision, but once t he decision is made, she can easily follow. † As the novel progresses, Bella unconsciously learns how to make difficult choices and accept their consequences. Edward Cullen – Edward is a 104-year-old vampire who was transformed by Carlisle Cullen when he was near death with Spanish Influenza in 1918.He has a supernatural gift for reading people's minds. When he met Bella, he was immediately attracted to her because her thoughts are unreadable to him, and also to her strongly appealing blood scent. Edward tries to avoid Bella for own her safety, but fails. He notices Bella's attraction to him and warns her that he is dangerous. Eventually, he confesses the truth about himself to her. Since Edward's transformation into a vampire, he had never fallen in love nor believed that he needed to. He later realizes that his existence was completely pointless and without an aim.In Bella he finds compassion, love, acceptance and care. In Twilight, Edward has a pessimistic personalit y influenced by Meyer's naturally pessimistic character. His character was also influenced by Mr. Rochester of Jane Eyre who also sees himself as a monster. James – James is a vampire with an exceptional ability to track people, whether humans or vampires. His competitive character loves a challenge, and Bella's appealing scent incite him. When the Cullens react to defend her, James wants to take on biggest game of his life—hunting Bella, knowing the Cullens will oppose him.James tracks Bella to Phoenix, and phones her to say that he has taken her mother hostage in a nearby ballet studio. Bella goes there, unaware that her mother is actually safe in Florida. In the studio, James bites Bella, injecting his venom into her wrist. The Cullens arrive in time to save her and destroy James. PLOT The story begins when, The first chapter, entitled â€Å"Engaged†, starts off a few days before the wedding while Edward is off hunting leaving Bella home without him. Bella is driving a new expensive sports car, a Mercedes-Benz s600 Guardian.Edward gave it to her because her old '53 Chevy finally died. When she stops at a gas station, two men admire her car and tell her that the car hasn't been released in the United States or Europen yet. She then goes home. Bella stays in her car and uses the cell phone, that again Edward bought her, to call Seth Clearwater, a werewolf who Edward is now friends with after they fought Victoria. She asks how Jacob Black is doing. Seth tells her that Jacob, still is in his wolf form, is somewhere in Northern Canada and that he is not coming home.Bella is upset, because she just wants to see him again. She then has recollections of the night that she told Charlie about her engagement. When Bella had finally had the courage to tell her father, Charlie just assumed that Bella was pregnant. He also laughed hysterically when he realized how Bella's mother, Renee would react. But Bella's Mom took the news well, and even offer t o help with the wedding plans! Bella was shocked! When Bella goes inside the house Alice is fitting Charlie into his tuxedo for the wedding, and then says that it's Bella's turn.While she is being fitted by Alice, Bella thinks about Edward, and how nice it will be after the wedding, and the honeymoon. The wedding then comes and goes rather quickly, and the book speeds into the honeymoon. Edward takes her to Isle Esme, a present from Carlisle to Esme, off the coast of Brazil. Edward also grants Bella's wish and makes love to her. The next day they argue because Edward's passion leaves dark bruises all over Bella's body. Although Bella doesn't care about the injuries, he insists that they spend their days doing tiring activities to make her too tired for nything at night. Meanwhile, she has a dream about a small, green-eyed boy that she feels compelled to protect. Bella also finds herself constantly hungry and sick It is only until she sees a box of unused tampons that she packed that she realized that she is pregnant. She automatically becomes attached to the baby, even thought it will kill her, and Edward is worried. They rush home to the Cullen mansion, but Bella has called upon Rosalie to help protect her baby, so Edward is not allowed to go through with an abortion. Most of the story takes place (when and where)Most of the story of Breaking Dawn takes place in Forks, Washington at the Cullen house and in Bella and Edward's new cottage in the woods. There's also a short jump to Isle Esme, just off the coast of Brazil, where Edward and Bella spend their honeymoon. The main events and problems that happen are Bella and Edward get married and have a kid together. The volturi try to kill the kid but it ends up being okay. The problem in this story is when Bella becomes pregnant with Edward's child during honey moon and once Edward tells her they will get rid of it she calls Rosalie for help.She loves this baby even though it is just in her stomach at the moment and even though the baby is killing her she won't get rid of it and if anyone tries, Rosalie will take care of them. After Bella's baby is born the Volturi decide that they need to get rid of the Cullens as they are gaining too much power. They realise that saying Bella's baby is unsafe to the world of vampires and keeping it a secret would be a perfect oportunity to do this. So the Volturi come and instead of the usual fighting battle it is a battle of the minds. The story end whenWell, in the last part of Breaking Dawn†¦ Bella and Edward tuck their daughter, Renesmee, to bed. It was a happy ending The Volturi left the Cullen in peace thanks to Alice! Edward heard Bella's thought for the first time as she learnt how to push away her shield for a few seconds. And Renesmee will be with Edward and Bella FOREVER!! II. AUTHORS MAIN IDEA I think the author was trying to say that, that never lose hope just because things are really bad III. SPECIAL FEATURE One part of the book that m akes it special (or weakens it) is, When Bella and Edward get married. IV. YOUR OPINIONThis book made me feel that, Life can bring you surprises , but tou must nit give up 🙂 Wait until marriage before you have sex. No abortion, prasie your child, save and protect your child at all costs. Defend what is right, what you believe in. Help your friends defend what is right, what they believe in. and Good triumphs over evil. I would/would not recommend this book beacause, I would recommend this book because it is very interesting. We can learn many things about fantasy like vampires, how they live in their life everyday. So we should spend time reading books so we can develop our comprehensive skills.

Influences of the Forrester Effect and the Bullwhip Effect

A supply chain management is the broad concept which includes the management of the entire supply chain from the supplier of raw materials through the manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer to the end consumer. However, certain dynamics exist among firms in the supply chain thereby causing inaccuracies and volatility of orders from the retailer to the primary suppliers and that these cause for operations, say, readjustments further upstream in the supply chain. The Forrester effect and the bullwhip effect influence the supply chain directly or indirectly through the components in the supply chain like manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers, distributors, retailers, and customers in many ways. Bullwhip effect, also known as Forrester effect occurs when the demand order changes in the supply chain are amplified as they moved up the supply chain. It is termed as bullwhip effect because of the large magnitude of disturbances in the chain caused by a small disturbance at one end of the chain.Thus, in a typical supply chain for a consumer product, with less sales variation, there seem to be a pronounced variability in the retailers' orders to the wholesalers. Considerably, four major causes of the bullwhip effect have been identified. These are: 1. Demand forecast updating: this is the readjustment of demand forecasts by upstream managers as a result of future product demand signal. Forecasting is usually based on the order history from a company's immediate customers.Traditionally,every company in a supply chain usually prepares product forecasting for its production scheduling, capacity planning, inventory control and material requirement planning. It is contended that the signal from demand forecasting is a major contributor to the bullwhip effect. For example, if a manager uses, say, exponential smoothing (future forecast is always updated as demand increases) the order sent to the supplier reflects the amount needed to replenish the stocks to meet the requirements for future demands and safety stocks which might be considered necessary. 2. Order batching: Companies place orders with upstream organisations in a supply chain, using some inventory monitoring or control. As demand comes in, inventory is depleted but the company may not immediately place an order with the supplier. It often batches or accumulates demands before issuing an order. Sometimes the supplier cannot handle frequent order processing because of the substantial time and cost involved so instead of ordering frequently, companies may order weekly or fortnightly. This leads to two forms of order batching; periodic and pushing ordering. Many manufacturers place purchase orders with suppliers when they run their materials requirement planning (MRP) systems monthly; resulting in monthly ordering with suppliers. This is a periodic ordering. As an illustration, for a company that places orders once a month from its suppliers, the supplier faces a highly erratic stream of orders. Demands go up at one time during the month, followed by no demands for the rest of the month. This periodic ordering amplifies distortions and disruptions and contributes to the bullwhip effect. A similar effect becomes prevalent in push ordering phenomenon.Here, a company experiences regular surge in demand. As a result, customers ‘push' orders on the company periodically. Although the periodic surges in demand by some customers would be insignificant suppose all ordering are not made at the same time, however, it does not happen that way. The orders are more likely to overlap and cause the bullwhip effect to be felt most. 3. Price Fluctuations: Because of attractive offers like ‘buy one get one free'(BOGOF),price and quantity discounts, rebates and so on usually provided by manufacturers to distributors in the grocery industry, items are bought in advance of what is actually needed. This is referred to as ‘forward-buying' which is known to account for about $75bn to $100bn of inventory in the grocery industry in the United States. The result is that customers buy in bigger quantities that do not reflect their immediate needs with the view to stock for future use.Thus,these special price schemes, lead to speculative buying which is considered as costly to the supply chain. For example, Kotler reports that trade deals and consumer promotion constitute 47% and 28% of distributors and manufacturers respectively of their total promotion budgets. Considering a situation when a product's price is pegged low through the price schemes, more would be bought by the customer than actually needed. As the price returns to normal, the customer stops buying in order to use up its inventory. This triggers an irregular buying pattern of the customer which does not reflect its consumption pattern, and the variation of the buying quantities is much bigger than the variation of the consumption rate leading to the bullwhip effect or Forrester effect. Such a practice was called â€Å"the dumbest marketing ploy ever†. 4. Rationing and short gaming: rationing usually becomes the norm when demands exceed supply. Manufacturers allocate the amount in proportion to the amount ordered. During rationing customers exaggerate their real needs when they order for fear that the orders might be in short supply.Customers' overreaction in anticipation of shortages results when organisations and individuals make sound, rational economic decisions and ‘game' the potential rationing. The effect of this gaming is that little information is given to the supplier on the product's real demand by the customers' orders. The gaming practice is very common. Increases in orders are made not because of an increase in consumption but due to anticipation. Actually, the bullwhip or the Forrester effect is not just an economic error. Its influence on a company's supply chain management could be felt as well in a positive way. Thus, these four major causes of bullwhip effect somewhat influence or affect the supply chain management in number of ways: – Conflict between supply chain players. This is brought about as a result of no coordination amongst individual demand forecasts based on each supply chain player's sales history or strategy. – Large demand and supply fluctuations result in the need for high inventories to prevent stock outs. Because of the fluctuations in the supply chain, companies try to keep more stock than needed in order to avoid stock out and its attendant problems like loss of profit, customers and market share in some situations. – There is poor customer service as all demand might not be met. Customers are upset when their demands are not met especially from the suppliers they seem to rely on .This is as a result of the bullwhip effect. – Production scheduling and capacity planning becomes difficult due to large order swings. Because of the large distortions in demand due to bullwhip effect, capacity planning-the task of setting effective capacity of the operation in order that it can stand any demands placed on it-and production scheduling which is a detailed timetable in planning showing at what time or date jobs should start and when they should end to ensure that customers demand is met, are largely affected. This is known to usually affect several other performance indicators like costs, say due to under-utilization of capacity; revenues, working capital due to building up finished goods inventory prior to demand; quality by hiring temporary staff; speed could also be enhanced by surplus provision; dependability of supply will also be affected due to any unexpected disruptions; and flexibility will also be enhanced due to surplus capacity. – Extra plant expansion to meet peak demand. Another influence on the supply chain brought about by the Forrester effect or the bullwhip effect is to look for an additional plant capacity or expansion to cater for demand either as a result of low stock or increased demand which were distorted as the bullwhip effect struck. The implication is it can lead to large distortions and high costs. – High costs for corrections-large unexpected orders or supply problems necessitate expedited shipments and overtime. This might also affect the planning of the company's transport and logistics in terms of additional handling and administrative costs though there will be some benefits, the supply chain is affected. – Other influences are the following: collaboration, direct sales, smaller order batches or more frequent re-supply, unexpected shortages in inventory, price fluctuation, demand behaviour, stock market trading, information-sharing and profit variation. Notwithstanding these,there are some possible ways and means to minimise or reduce the bullwhip effect. The various initiatives for possible solution to the bullwhip effect are based on the underlying coordination mechanism. These mechanisms are namely, information sharing,;by this demand information at a downstream site is relayed upstream in time for processing; channel alignment, this is the coordination of pricing, transportation, inventory planning, and ownership between the upstream and downstream sites in a supply chain; and operational efficiency, are the activities that are pursued to improve performance like reduced costs and lead-time. In the light of these three mechanisms, some of the critical areas that can be looked at to reduce the impact of variability on the supply chain include aligning incentives to overall supply chain performance objectives; developing trust and contractual agreements between supply chain partners; approach such as delayed differentiation, designing for commonality; direct sales, vendor managed inventory, continuous replenishment; multi-echelon inventory control policies; lead time reduction through operational efficiency and design; lot size reduction using efficient transportation and distribution systems; price stabilization and uniform pricing. First and foremost understanding the causes of the bullwhip effect can help managers to find strategies to combat or curb it. Companies must make concerted efforts through various means available in their supply chain management in order to deal with these inconsistencies.